Volvo The Collectable Classic :: essays research papers

Volvo the Collectable ClassicIn this article it stated that when Volvo was introduced to the statesin 1956. The PV444, was the first US bound automobile ever. The car hadresembled a smaller version of the 1946 Ford Tutor. The car have a twopiece windshield, small engine, and all of the old-hat features of a car ofits time.About three years later Volvo came out with a better version of the car,the PV544. That was the car that gave Volvo its reputation for Swedish Quality.This car featured a one piece windshield, fifteen inch wheels, drum brakes,padded instrument panel. The powerplant was a 1.6 liter push rod four thatdelivered a static 85 horse power. The car ran about $5000-$7000. The car wascomfortable cruising at speeds of 60-70mph while getting a nice 29 miles to thegallon. The vehicle traveled from 0 to 60 in a nice thirteen seconds, which wasbetter than the sportier two seater cars. The car had an over all top speed of93 miles per hour, which was amazing for a 1.6 liter engin e.In 1961 the company came out with same car but had some revisions, likea bigger engine the 90hp 1.8 liter. This car had natty touch off in new colors whichfor years it was in contempt. By 1966 the company was only making one model,the PV544. The company didnt have any technical advances in the car whichprobably kept the car and the company alive. To some the car was a very wellbuild sports car.I know that in this cars twenty-four hours it was an amazing little car that wascapable of a lot for a family car. A restorer said that the only way to killthe car is to rifle it without oil. I believe that, because they are such highquality, crafted cars. Today the cars are very different, they have and theyare setting the standard for all cars.

Inventing the Caribbean: Columbus’s Creation of the Other Essay

Inventing the Caribbean Columbuss Creation of the Other Columbuss assault of the Caribbean in 1492 brought Native the Statesn and European cultures together for the first time in a startling encounter that re do the world prognosiss of both groups. In The Conquest of the States The indecision of the Other, Tzvetan Todorov seeks to understand the ways in which the Spanish world count on shape Columbuss perception of the natives of Hispaniola, as he fashioned an other from his own guts of self. In Todorovs model, the other is defined in terms of its correspondence, or lack thereof, to different facets of the self, including culture, language, physiognomy, religion, and knowledge furthermore, the other is valued, distanced, and understood in relation to the presumed advantage of the self. In this way, the other can only be seen as an imperfect state of oneself and never as a hard-hitting entity judged according to its own set and defined on its own terms (Todorov 4 2). Todorov explores Columbuss letters and journals, various first-hand accounts of the discovery, and the writings of Las Casas in order to understand the ways in which the different self of the native population was transformed into an other, whose identity depended on European value to define it.Todorov argues that Columbuss self (and, consequently, the other, which he created in the compute of that self) is defined by three spheres the divine, nature, and humans. Each of these spheres is integral to Columbuss worldview and colors his perception of that which is outside his world. Within these spheres of perspective, Columbuss identity is shaped by Catholicism, a reverence for nature, and European society and culture particularly that of Portu... ...her and reveals the complex process of suppression and projection, which attempted to impose the Old World view on the New World in the sixteenth century Caribbean.Bibliography1. Columbus, Christopher. The Journal of Chri stopher Columbus. New York Burt Franklin, 1968.2. Knight, Franklin W. The Caribbean The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism, 2nd edition. New York Oxford University Pres, 1990.3. Sider, Gerald. When Parrots Learn to Talk, and why They Cant Domination, Deception, and Self-Deception in Indian-White Relations. Comparative Studies in Society and History 29, no.1 (1987), 3-23.4. Steward, Julian H. and Louis C. Faron. Native Peoples of South America. New York McGraw Hill, 1959.5. Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America The motility of the Other. New York Harper and Row Publishers, 1984. Inventing the Caribbean Columbuss Creation of the Other EssayInventing the Caribbean Columbuss Creation of the Other Columbuss impact of the Caribbean in 1492 brought Native American and European cultures together for the first time in a startling encounter that reshaped the worldviews of both groups. In The Conquest of America The Question of the Other, Tzvetan Todorov seeks to understand the ways in which the Spanish worldview shaped Columbuss perception of the natives of Hispaniola, as he fashioned an other from his own ace of self. In Todorovs model, the other is defined in terms of its correspondence, or lack thereof, to different facets of the self, including culture, language, physiognomy, religion, and knowledge furthermore, the other is valued, distanced, and understood in relation to the presumed advantage of the self. In this way, the other can only be seen as an imperfect state of oneself and never as a distinct entity judged according to its own values and defined on its own terms (Todorov 42). Todorov explores Columbuss letters and journals, various first-hand accounts of the discovery, and the writings of Las Casas in order to understand the ways in which the distinct self of the native population was transformed into an other, whose identity depended on European values to define it.Todorov argues that Columbuss self (and, consequently, the other, which he created in the characterization of that self) is defined by three spheres the divine, nature, and humans. Each of these spheres is integral to Columbuss worldview and colors his perception of that which is outside his world. Within these spheres of perspective, Columbuss identity is shaped by Catholicism, a reverence for nature, and European society and culture particularly that of Portu... ...her and reveals the complex process of suppression and projection, which attempted to impose the Old World view on the New World in the sixteenth century Caribbean.Bibliography1. Columbus, Christopher. The Journal of Christopher Columbus. New York Burt Franklin, 1968.2. Knight, Franklin W. The Caribbean The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism, 2nd edition. New York Oxford University Pres, 1990.3. Sider, Gerald. When Parrots Learn to Talk, and wherefore They Cant Domination, Deception, and Self-Deception in Indian-White Relation s. Comparative Studies in Society and History 29, no.1 (1987), 3-23.4. Steward, Julian H. and Louis C. Faron. Native Peoples of South America. New York McGraw Hill, 1959.5. Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America The Question of the Other. New York Harper and Row Publishers, 1984.

Shakespeare - Artisan of the Atmosphere in Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

Shakespeare - Artisan of the Atmosphere in Macbeth Shakespeare in his tragedy Macbeth removes any doubt that he is a true operative at developing atmosphere. Let us examine his construction of the atmosphere in this tragedy. Lily B. Campbell in her volume of criticism, Shakespeares Tragic Heroes Slaves of Passion, explains how the atmosphere of dismay and fear is create up Macbeth is, however, not only a study of fear it is a study in fear. The sounds and images in the play combine to give the atmosphere of terror and fear. The incantation of the witches, the bell that tolls while Duncan dies, the cries of Duncan, the cries of the women as Lady Macbeth dies, the owl, the knocking at the gate, the wild horses that ate each other, the story, the quaking of the earth - all of these are the habitual accompaniments of the wilfully fearful in literature. (238-39) Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the atmosphere surrounding the play The state of sublime e motion into which we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that solemn prelude with which he entertains the time till the bell shall strike which is to call him to murder Duncan, - when we no longer check it in a book, when we have given up that vantage-ground of abstraction which reading possesses over seing, and come to see a man in his bodily learn before our eyes actually preparing to commit a muder, if the acting be true and impressive as I have witnessed it in Mr. Ks performance of that part, the terrible anxiety about the act, the natural longing to prevent it while it yet seems unperpetrated, the too close pressing semblance of reality, give a pain and an inquietude . . .. (134) In Fools of Time Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye shows how the atmosphere is altered for the better at the end of the play This theme is at its clearest where we are most in sympathy with the nemesis. Thus at the end of Macbeth, after t he proclamation the time is free, and of promises to make reparations of Macbeths tyranny Which would be planted newly with the time, there will be a renewal not only of time but of the whole rhythm of nature symbolized by the word measure, which includes both the music of the spheres and the dispensing of human justice .

Philosophers Impact on Marx and Engels :: Essays Papers

Philosophers Impact on Marx and Engels One part of hu art object temper is to want to gain more power. indoors this idea there atomic number 18 many parts. First is the need for humans to overcome nature. Another part is gaining more territory. The more land a man has, the more powerful he feels. Lastly, having control over their own lives and the lives of others contributes to whether or not they feel powerful. This concept can be seen in The Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels are discussing the industrial revolution. This may seem far from the ideas of humans overcoming nature and gaining more power however, it is not. The industrial revolution came about because of the need to elaborate. The reason they needed to expand was because they wanted more power. The power hungriness in humans, however, can often get out of hand. This is shown in the industrial revolution. People, the bourgeoisie to be more specific, became so greedy that it did not matter whom they used to gain more power. This is the situation that Marx and Engels try to rectify. Not only are humans actions affecting nature through pollution, but they are also affecting society itself. People are living in poverty and filth, and the upper classes are making no advances to stop it. This is what motivated Marx and Engels to publish their thoughts. Marx and Engels were influenced by many philosophers, the most influential, however, was G. W. F. Hegel. Hegel was so influential that in order to analyze the other philosophers one must do so through Hegels interaction with them. Marx especially, shares many of the same views with Hegel although they do differ on certain issues. Despite Marxs never-ending attack on Hegel, the Marxian conception of history is Hegelian through and through.1 Hegels philosophy is focused on the criticism of Kant and Fichte, two other German philosophers. Engels once wrote We German socialists are proud that we trace our descent not only from Saint Simon, Fourier, and Owen, but also from Kant, Fichte, and Hegel.2 To this list one must also add Ludwig Feuerbach who Engels wrote about later in life. These philosophers had the most influence on Marx and Engels. Their philosophies are all interrelated. In fact many of their works either criticize or build upon one of the others previous works.

The Material Nature of Spirituality Essay examples -- Spirit Spiritual

The Material Nature of Spirituality It was observed from the time to think experiments done in Biology 103 lab, that thinking is material. Thinking was associated with material changes and activities in the brain and the connected loathsome system. This promulgates the brain=behavior notion. According to this notion, all aspects of human behavior and experiences are functions of a material structure, the brain. Who one is, is determined by his or her brain. Nevertheless, many masses continue to believe in a higher power that guides and controls human action and behavior. In a sense, religion and spectrality was developed to understand and explore questions about who we are and what is the think of life. Whether one is Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist or Hindu, religious thinking and belief attempt to ground human experiences and thoughts in the spiritual and ethereal. Religious experiences are considered otherworldly and not material. Heightened spiritual behavior th rough prayer, meditation or yoga is considered to lead to a state of transcendence, inner peace or a nearness to beau ideal depending on which faith you follow. Hence, the notion of spirituality and religion is base on an ethereal component. However could the ethereal and spiritual be embodied by a material structure, the brain? Recent scientific research has provided observations, which conjure up spirituality, and religious experience has a biological basis. Scientific observations suggest there are specific physiological aspects to spiritual behavior like meditation, prayer, and yoga. Many plenty nowadays follow transcendental meditation, prayer, and yoga to enhance their spiritual and physical well being. These spiritual pra... ...rch/tm_charts/1Phys.html3) The Effects of Meditation on the Brain Activity , http//members.aol.com/InstSSM/parietal.HTML4) Searching for the God within,, a past Newsweek article. http//infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&cla ss=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb4.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F678%2F198%2F19025812w4%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A69411041%26dyn%3D12xrn_10_0_A69411041%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no5) The Humanizing Brain Where devotion and Neuroscience Meet, http//infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb4.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F678%2F198%2F19025812w4%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A53739125%26dyn%3D19xrn_5_0_A53739125%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no

The Material Nature of Spirituality Essay examples -- Spirit Spiritual

The Material Nature of Spirituality It was observed from the time to think experiments done in Biology 103 lab, that thinking is bodily. Thinking was associated with material changes and activities in the creative thinker and the connected nervous system. This promulgates the brain=behavior notion. According to this notion, all aspects of human behavior and experiences are functions of a material structure, the brain. Who one is, is placed by his or her brain. Nevertheless, many people continue to believe in a higher power that guides and controls human action and behavior. In a sense, religion and eldritchity was developed to understand and explore questions about who we are and what is the purpose of life. Whether one is Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist or Hindu, religious thinking and belief attempt to ground human experiences and thoughts in the spiritual and ethereal. Religious experiences are considered otherworldly and not material. Heightened spiritual behav ior through prayer, meditation or yoga is considered to lead to a state of transcendence, inner peace or a nearness to God depending on which trust you follow. Hence, the notion of spirituality and religion is based on an ethereal component. However could the ethereal and spiritual be embodied by a material structure, the brain? Recent scientific research has provided observations, which suggest spirituality, and religious experience has a biological basis. Scientific observations suggest there are specific physiological aspects to spiritual behavior like meditation, prayer, and yoga. Many people nowadays follow transcendental meditation, prayer, and yoga to enhance their spiritual and physical well being. These spiritual pra... ...rch/tm_charts/1Phys.html3) The Effects of Meditation on the Brain Activity , http//members.aol.com/InstSSM/parietal.HTML4) Searching for the God within,, a past Newsweek article. http//infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&class=ses sion&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb4.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F678%2F198%2F19025812w4%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A69411041%26dyn%3D12xrn_10_0_A69411041%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no5) The Humanizing Brain Where Religion and Neuroscience Meet, http//infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb4.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F678%2F198%2F19025812w4%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A53739125%26dyn%3D19xrn_5_0_A53739125%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no

Italian comedy

Commiedia dell arte is a well known as a Italian comedy, this type of drama was highly popular during the 16th century. This act was usually performed on the side of the streets or in court venues. But the dampen acts and the more popular actors/ actress played in front of the kings and queens. But as most acts were performed on temporary stages on the side of stress the heavy relied on props and different costumes. The obvious objective was to make people laugh, as they had no TV or PlayStations back then they needed something to apply them.The reference was able to pick up from each character dress the type of person he was representing. The use a lot of mask, props and unceasingly over exaggerate thing to make it funny. Commedia dell arte introduced actresses for the first time ever in theatre history, and that has a pretty big impact on todays theatre. The most known modern day interpreters of the commedia tradition are the san Francisco mime troupe. Epic theatre come widely popular near world was one.By the names of Max Reinhardt, Erwin Piscator, and most especiall) Bertolt Brecht. This style of thearte started up in Berlin during the ill-fated German Weimar Republic of the 1920s and too soon 1930s. After the rise of Hitler Brecht and separate epic theater practioners were forced to flee persecution and arrest by the Gestapo, the style spread to the United States and Great Britain. Brecht wanted his audience to remain aware of what was very happening, he was very clear on how he wanted the audience to act.The focus of epic drama was to making the drama realistic, making people have like they can relate to the performance, so they can understand what is happening. He Brecht would love to narrate every character because he believed that if he did so that the audience would relate better to the character and would have a better understanding. Epic theatre has had a massive influence in the western theater as in Britain how they became evident In the playwright of john Arden. Meldrama has a long history going back to the 18th and 19th century.Melodrama is a act the shows despicable over come by good. Right through the play or tv show the character wont change the whole time, it will all be evil or it will be good. Melodrama is a Greek word melo meaning music and drama refers to a deed. The earliest uses of melodrama was late 1700s and early 1800s, but it was in the late19s century where melodramatic elements was taken to a whole new level. Rene Charles, Guilbert de Pixerecourt lived a melodramatic life and funneled it in to his plays. MELODRAMA EPIC DRAMA COMMIDEDIA dingle ARTE

Women of the Medieval Period

Women during chivalrous Times Imagine living your sustenance as a women during the Medieval successions. No personal or legal freedom, you throw out non do anything with out having permission from a male in your family. In this paper I am going to talk about what life was like for the women who lived through the medieval period compared to women living today in the 20th century. Living life during the medieval period was much different than the life we live today for many reasons, but especially being a women. Women during the medieval period were downstairs men, they were ruled by the males in their families, or at a time married by their husbands.They were to obey and serve the male family members. Girls that did non respect and do what the men said, were beaten, and not obeying the men was considered a religious crime. But women with a lot of land were considered equal to men and had the same rights a men. If the wives husband dies, the wife would be creditworthy for takin g care of the large estate. At this time it was believed that the purpose for women was the be servants for the males, do as they say, take care of the house, and have to children and take care of them. brotherhood at this time was much different than what we think of marriage today.During this time, you did not mary because you were in love with someone. The reasoning for marriage during medieval period was secure the opposite. Most of the time you did not progress to to choose who you were going to be marrying, it was arranged by the families, depending on wealth. The law said that the males had full rights over his wife, once you were married, your husband owned you. The wife was the husbands property. Duties of wives during this time were to take care of the house and have children. A married women would usually have anywhere from four to viii children, and normally one will die.Women on average would live to about fourty years of age. Marie de France, a noble French women, was the first female writer from France. She wrote the story, Laustic which is a story of two cavalrys and their wives and the love scandal they have going on between their homes. In this story, the wife of one of the knights is in love with a knight that lives in the house next to her and her husbands. This knight is also in love with her. Every night the women gets out of bed with her husband and goes to her bedroom window which looks at the knights house, and they look at each other and talk.The womens husband begins to notice her out of bed and at the window ever night. He asked her the reasoning for this and she says that she is listening to a birdie, because it brings her much joy. Her husband gets angry at this and tell his servants to kill the bird. They do so and bring it to him, where he kills it with his bare hands. He then throws the dead bird at his wife. She is very upset that he would do such a thing, but the woman can not do anything about this. She can not disobey her husband, or let him know that she is in love with another man.She has no choice but to stay with him and do as he says. In todays world, sadly if you are married and are not happy, or are in love with someone else you get a divorce, and its over, you move on. During the medieval time never would you ever hear of a women not happy with her husband so she left him. Today women have every right that men do. You can say and do pretty much anything you want. Women today can get the same education that men can, but during medieval times, most women did not get any education.

Theories of Development

Theories of Development There ar some branches of psychology. The field of human ontogenesis is divided into quintuplet supposition groups. The theory groups be Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Systems, Biological and manneral. Each theory group has many contributing theorists. Some theories overlap while opposites are independent. Often theories are credible whereas others cause skepticism. There are many contributors to the world of psychology with different views and pictures about human culture. Psychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud was unity of the or so influential contributors to the field of psychology.Freud was born in 1856, in Moravia. In 1881, Freud received a doctorate in medicine. Freuds main focus of study was neurology this led himto beginconcentrating his research on nervous disorders. Freuds research brought him to his psychoanalytical theory. Freuds theory suggests that an individuals unconscious processes or thoughts bear to ones record and influences ones beh avior. Freuds theory included the concept that personality is composed of three elements the id (pleasure seeker), the egotism (deals with reality), and the superego (ones esthesis of right and wrong).Freud also believed that human development consisted of five psychosexual stages the oral stage (birth-18 months), anal stage (18 months-3 age), phallic stage (3-6 years), latency stage (6-12 years), and the genital stage (12 years and up). The theory included the belief that if one wants to develop a healthy personality, one has to complete all five psychosexual stages successfully. another(prenominal) great contributor to the Psychodynamic field of psychology is Erik Erickson. Erickson was born in 1902, in Germany. Erickson travelled around Europe and attended the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute.Erickson was intrigued by Freuds theory, however Erickson believed that development occurred passim ones lifespan and that ones personality is shaped consciously from social interactions. Erickson developed the psychosocial theory of personality development. The theory includes eight stages of development Trust vs. mistrust (birth-12 months), Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (12 months-3 years), Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years), Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years), Ego identity vs. ego diffusion (12-18 years or older), Intimacy vs. solation (18-40 years), Generativity vs. self-absorption (40-65 years), and Integrity vs. despair (65 years and older). According to Craig and Dunn (2010), Ericksons theory emphasizes social interactions and argues that a distinct part of distributively individual is based on the culture in which the individual is raised, depending heavily on the individuals interactions withcaregiversduring infancy. Social forces continue to shape personality byout the lifespan as the individual experiences relationships with others (p. 13). Cognitive TheoryThe cognitive theory attempts to explain human behavior. This theory of psychology tries to rede the thought process merchant ship ones personality or behavior. Two of the main cognitive theorists are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both theorists have come a long way to care us understand the cognitive theory. The cognitive approach to psychology has shown a lot of advancement from the contributions made by Piaget and Vygotsky. They have set the foundation for other theorists to do more research. Vygotsky and Piaget had similar thoughts on how children learn.Both theorists believed that children learn and think differently than adults and that children learn actively, through hands-on experiences. Piaget suggested that children think differently than adults. He developed this belief from observations and his stage theory of development. He was one of the starting signal theorists to state that children are actively gaining their own knowledge of the world. Piaget often referred to children as little scientists. The reason behind the nickname is Piaget believed that children i n free play were conducting their own experiments in the world to gain their own knowledge from it.One way that Piaget believed that children were learning object permanence, was by trilled a ball into the other room and then going to get it. This was the natural way for children to learn from their own experiment. Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development, known as the Development Stage Theory. Piagets theory is broken into four stages. Stage one is the sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to two years of age. Children use their five senses and movement to experience the world. Children are completely egocentric.Stage two, Preoperational Thought Stage, occurs from 2 years of age to seven years old. They must be adapted to organize their own thoughts and ideas. The third stage is Concrete operations stage, from seven years old to eleven years old. This stage of thinking becomes organized on a mental plane. The fourth and final stage of Piagets theory is formal oper ations. This stage occurs from age eleven to adulthood. Thinking goes into the realm of purely soak and hypothetical (Crain, 2011). Vygotsky was a psychologist his interest was developmental psychology, child development and education.Vygotsky also studied childrens play. Vygotsky was a Marxist a person that believes that we can understand humans only in the context of the social-historical environment (Crain, 2011, p. 224). Vygotsky presented the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is the range in which a child can complete tasks on their own and tasks that they can complete with guidance from adults to assist. The ZPD captures a childs cognitive level of maturation (Crain, 2011). This method is guidance assistance the children gain sensitive skills with minimal assistance.This method helps each child develop equally in the classroom. Biologicial Theory Biological Foundations of Human Development influence the course of development throughout an individuals lifetime. Some developmental processes include growth during the prenatal period, the onset of puberty, and when a person gets their first grey hair. Most development through the lifespan is a result of successive interactions between biology and experience. (Craig & Dunn, 2010, p. 4) There are factors of biologic development that considers maturation, ethology, and attachment.Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduced several keys into developmental theory and proposed a biological timetable that included these components. Maturation, a theory created by Gesell, is the development of growth and aging over time and depends heavily on biological processes. The theory states that development has a preordained sequence, that the rates vary but the sequence does not, and depends heavily on the internal make up and the environment. The theory basically suggests that development begins in the womb. The theory continues on to measure the development of a child in the first few years of life.Maturation definition s include reciprocal intervening, functional asymmetry, self-regulation, individuality, proximodistal, ontogeny/phylogeny, patterning and others. Ethological theories have major influences on biological development. Ethology is the study of behavior within the evolutionary framework. It is the science of animal behavior and the study of human behavior and social organization from a biological standpoint. The theory states that how a person thinks is passed down genetically. Learning has a small role in this theory.Charles Darwin, who wrote the Theory of Evolution, is included in this theory. Though controversial, Darwins theory of survival of the fittest and natural selection shows that evolution is a major factor in a persons development. Evolution is factual and gives state the genetics that create skin color, height, etc. Konrad Lorenz wrote, Modern Ethology and discovered the idea of imprinting. He showed that this is a critical bonding period when animals are born. Animals bon d with the first thing they see after they are born, be it their mother or any caregiver.Lorenz studied with Nikolaas Timbergen and they won a Nobel Prize for their work with animal patterns. Ethology includes naturalistic observation, instinctive behavior, and imprinting. Systems Theory Ludwig von Bertalanffy originally proposed general systems theory, in 1928. Bertalanffy was born and grew up in a little town near Vienna. He grew up in a wealthy family and had private tutors. After Bertalanffys parents divorced, he found a new example to follow, Paul Kemmerer, a famous biologist. Kemmerer was Bertalanffys neighbor. Kemmerer before long became an example for Bertalanffy.Bertalanffy attended the University of Vienna. At this time he had to choose between studying philosophy and science. Bertalanffy chose to become a biologist. Bertalanffy was a professor at many universities. Many early theorists that studied about systems theory aimed their work and research to find a general sys tems theory that would explain all the systems in all of the fields of science. Bertalanffy developed the Allgemeine Systemlehre. The Allgemeine Systemlehre is a German term that means a system that can be employ in a number of fields. He did not like when it translated into ecumenical Systems Theory.His idea cut across what is known as the Weltanschauung, or worldview that entails epistemological (study of nature), ontological (relating to existence), and ethical implications. Systems can be controlled or uncontrolled. Today researchers are still using the studies and findings from Bertalanffy. Other researchers of the systems theory are Barker, Behavior Settings and Learner who did work on life expectancy and environment and wrote, Developmental Systems Theory. A most recent theory used in social development today is the use of the four stage model of development.It is a major model used in the measurement from birth to adulthood. The four stages are co-dependant (0-8 months), expect dependant (9-36 months), independent (3-6 years), and interdependent (6-29 years). The most current happenings in systems research include how environmental factors and culture influence adolescent development. The five theory groups of human development have led to many breakthroughsin psychology. There are many theorists that have contributed to the five theory groups. However, there are also theorists that are considered to be the founders of each group.All of the theories are relative and may help explain human development, including ones personality or behavior. whole shebang Cited Crain, W. (2011). Theories of development Concepts and applications. (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc. Craig, G. J. , & Dunn, W. L. (2010). Understanding human development. (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc. Mike Wade (October 18, 2005) Theories used in Research General System Theories http//www. istheory. yorku. ca/generalsystemstheory. htm Walonick, David S. (1993) General Systems Theory. http//www. statpac. org/walonick/systems-theory. htm

Industry Analysis Chipotle Essay

The fast fodder, or quick service restaurant industry (QSR), represents some 200,000 restaurants and $155 billion in sales in the U.S. alone, they atomic numerate 18 one of the braggart(a)st segments of the food industry (Hoovers, 2011). This segment of the restaurant industry is soaringly matched and fragmented number, size and strength of competitors vary by region, market and regular restaurant. All of these restaurants compete based on a number of factors, including taste, quality, speed of service, price and value, name recognition, restaurant location, customer service and the ambience and condition of severally restaurant (Chipotle, 2010).The QSR industry is seeing wrickth due to the fact that todays society is more(prenominal) strapped for time than ever. According to the American Sociological Review, more than 50% of American families argon dual earner d considerablying ho physical exertionholdmultitasking allows parents to accomplish more within a limited amount of time (Offer & Schneider, 2011). However, with both heads of the house working part-time or full time jobs people have less time to prepare meals and QSRs offer a nonher itinerary for these families to multitask and save time. In 2011 the QRS industry saw stock values beat the overall restaurant market. Bloomberg U.S. Quick-Service Restaurant Index, gained 13.5 percent while the full service restaurant index dropped by 1 percent (Wolf, 2012).Competitive AnalysisNew Entrant Threat While entry into the quick service industry has low barriers (Cambrian Group, 2011) it is highly competitive and has high saturation. Only 40-50% of new entrants will survive their first course of study and see profits (Paiz et. al., 2011 p.4). While many of players in the QSR industry are franchises, approximately 300,000 (Franchise Direct), Chipotle operates differently. All of their locations are company owned and have relatively low start up costs (Chipotle Mexican Grill, 2007). Due to this Chipotl e is able to grow their bottom line much quicker than new entrants into the same markets. While others may see low success rate in the first year due to start up costs, Chipotle is able to effectively generate profit and growth quickly. RivalryIn the sub-category for quick service Mexican restaurants, Chipotle competes with Qdoba, Moes southwesterly Grill, Baja Fresh, Taco cost and El Pollo Loco. Mexican quick service accounts for $5 billion of the $20 billion market (Cambrian Group, 2011). At the end of 2010 Taco Bell held the largest market share among Mexican QSRs with 52% of the market and 5,635 locations in the U.S. and 262 locations in 21 foreign countries (Yum Brands, 2011). Qdoba in contrast holds locations in 42 states for a good of 583 locations (Jack in the Box, 2011). Threat of SubstitutionsChipotle faces 6 major substitutes, McDonalds, Yum Brands, Wendys/Arbys Group, Burger King, Jack in the Box (owner of Qdoba), and Doctors Associates Inc. (owner of Subway) which o ccupy 35.5% of the market (Paiz et. al., 2011, p.6). These QSRs offer dine-in, carry-out and pitching services and have been in the market longer than Chipotle (Chipotle, 2010). In addition to this they use a much broader marketing plan which includes, print, radio, and television advertisements which Chipotle does not relying in the first place on radio and billboards (Burrito Buzz, 2007).Chipotle actually spends less in a year on advertising than McDonalds Corp. spends in 48 hours relying mainly on word of mouth (Burrito Buzz, 2007). some of these substitutes have diversified their menus. While Chipotles menu is standard in all of their locations others in the industry straightway offer menu items that focus on consumer preferences. Low carbohydrates, low calorie, and low fat options are showing up more often on menus. Many also emphasize lower-cost, value meal menu options, which Chipotle has not yet looked at pursing (Chipotle, 2010). Power of BuyersThe quick service restaur ant industry has relatively high price elasticity due to the fact that fast food is not essential to customers and therefore relies heavily on the customers choice preferences and usable income. Changes in customer preferences, general economic conditions, discretionary spending priorities, demographic trends, traffic patterns and the type, number and location of competing restaurants have a moderate effect on the restaurant industry (Chipotle, 2010). One example of customer preferences being a driver in the industry is the Whole Food-ism Movement which has put a large focus on organic, antibiotic-free, and non-processed foods (Mansolillo, 2007). Consumers now look for better options when eating and an overall healthier lifestyle.Chipotle has been able to benefit from this movement by carrying on their Food with righteousness mission (Chipotle, 2010). Due to economic downturn the strength of the buyers power has increased as the industry looks to gain consumers with pricing strat egies much like those of McDonalds revalue Menu and combination meals even though the cost of commodities have gone up (James, 2010). Customers of QSRs are looking for quality food without high costs. While Chipotle does not have a value menu or offer any type of combination meal much of their success is due to the fact that the customers are willing to pay a higher cost for higher-quality (Chipotle, 2010). Power of SuppliersWhile the Chipotles mission is to use naturally raised, sustainable, local and organic products sets the company asunder from others in the industry it also creates a larger supplier power when compared with other restaurants in the industry (Cambrian Group, 2011). The pool of suppliers that Chipotle can purchase from is much smaller and thus does not allow for Chipotle to control the prices paid for products. Due to the fact that Chipotles purchases are regionalized and in most instances purchased ingredient by ingredient they may experience higher costs in some areas then others. In addition the purchase approach creates the potential for food shortages from suppliers resulting from weather related issues, such as freezes in Mexico and Florida or could lead to temporary spikes in the prices of some ingredients such as tomatoes and avocados (Jennings, 2011). Power of other StakeholdersThere are a number of stakeholders that can affect a companys profitability. Most companies define who their stakeholders are they typically include customers, employees and shareholder (Enz, 2010). First and foremost government entities, communities, and special(prenominal) evoke groups have an impact on the industry as a whole (Wheelen & Hunger, 2010). The restaurant industry can be affected by changes in food safety guidelines, building codes and labor laws just to name a few. Chipotle CEO Steve Ells has also been one of the key individuals that testified to Congress in 2009 to eliminate the use of antibiotics in ranching to try to change current go vernment ranching regulations which in turn could have large affect on the profits of Chipotle and others in the industry (Chipotle Story, n.d.).Chipotle also understands that their employees are an integral part in creating the environment and culture that the company portrays and a significant stakeholder. The image of Chipotle starts with the people. Due to the high perturbation in the fast food industry Chipotle looks for ways to keep quality employees by empowering, educating, and training to increase internal promotions, cultural sensitivity, and communication skills as well as by providing continuing English language education to all employees who request it (People Are People Too, n.d). Chipotle has taken steps to appeal to special interest groups that focus on the humane treatment of animals, and eco-friendly processes.By doing so they have identified a niche market focused on a healthier and more organic approach to quick service food. Being one of the first to focus on s uch an approach has allowed them to attract a hardcore following before their competition. Being one of the first companies of its kind in the fast food industry also means that in order to have their current customer base Chipotle must continue to find new ways to set themselves apart from copy cat companies. One of those ways is to find out that they continue to look for ways to make a positive impact on the environment like the creation of the nations first platinum LEED certified restaurant in Gurnee, IL (Sustainable Design, n.d.). SummaryChipotle has experienced early success and loyalty because of their unique approach to quick service Mexican food focused on their Food with Integrity mission. They have experienced rapid growth and profit even in a period of economic downfall, increases in food costs, and a competitive industry. Moreover Chipotle appeals to societys desire for a more economically friendly business and a healthier way of living.

American History-Cold War

This field of study is an effort to acknowledge the Korean state of warfare. This is non an attempt to provide a history. The purpose of this work is to consider the argument that the Korean state of war was a natural extension of the shabby War and would not have been fought if relations with the U. S and Russia/ chinaware were not cold. Many see the Korean War as a mystery. nearly parts of it seem almost immune to study and understanding. Statistics tell some things, and chronological narratives bunghole provide a story upon which to hang data and factual information.But the problem is simply that people still do not know truly some(prenominal) ab come forward the state of war. It was so complex, both in terms of its causes, and of the progress of the take the fielding, that the usual methods of reporting do not always tell a gain ground story. It was (and is) a significant part of American history, and within it are located keys to understanding Americas highly transit ional role in the increasingly complex institution events of the sequence. The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 was one of the big sea changes in postwar American history. Like the Trojan horse sent into Troy, ch demarcation Harry S.Trumans June 1950 finis to intervene in the Korean crisis l assist the tribe bare to a bombardment of economic, policy-making, military, and social changes. As it turned out, the Korean militarization went far beyond preparations for Americas premier undeclared war it evolved into the nations de facto cold-blooded War preparedness program, which came to span nearly forty years. The Korean War, which began with the invasion of the Republic of entropy Korea in June of 1950, can be more(prenominal) easily understood if we consider it as deuce, perhaps even three, wars.The first phase was mingled with the linked Nations and the egalitarian Peoples Republic of unification Korea. This period can be considered a success for the united Nati ons. Surely on that point is no other word for the successful get at Inchon in family 1950, the recapture of the South Korean capital of Seoul, and the approach, by Eighth Army on the west and X Corps on the east, to the Yalu. By the middle of November, the forces of the linked Nations had scattered the troops of North Koreas army and occupied most of its territory. The goals of the United Nations, to drive the invader from South Korea, had been accomplished.The second phase, which customary of the Army Douglas MacArthur c every last(predicate)ed an entirely fresh war, began with the Chinese entry into the difference of opinion. This phase must be considered much less successful. In the light of the goals established for the second do of the war to expel the Communist Chinese and to occupy and control the territory of North Korea the war was a failure. But somewhere during the second year of take the fielding, approximately November 1951, the nature of the goals changed ag ain. This change may be able to define a third phase of the war.The third phase was marked by the decision to replication a defensive posture in Korea. After the defeat at the Chosin reservoir and the slow United Nations return to the 38th Parallel military victory seemed to be too great a goal. The war became one of attrition, not unlike World War I. The third phase was one of waiting, patrolling, skirmishing, destroying supplies, and attacking to gobble up rather than to occupy, and negotiating. If the legitimate purpose of war is to create a more perfect peace, as some have suggested, because phase three of the Korean War was its most important.Certainly the prospicient-term goals, as well as the short-term reactions, seemed to be more directed at an easing of the inhuman War than at victory in Korea. The decision made by President Harry S. Truman and his advisors to enter the war in defense of South Korea was one of major(ip) significance. Some historians believe it may hav e been predetermined by earlier events leading up to the invasion. On the surface, however, the decision looks like a rather abrupt elusion in the administrations policy concerning Korea. The reaction gave Korea more importance than it had previously held for Americans.Later, when Truman authorized General MacArthur to black market across the 38th, and seek the railway line of North Korea, that decision did not appear so much out of character. In the final analysis, however, this latter decision introduced a period of military defeat, public concern, and political difficulty. There is much about the fighting during the Korean War that, in an overview, appears paradoxical. The trem closing curtainous technological advances made during World War II paid off between 1945 and 1955. heavy weapon development moved pronto and weapons became more and more complex.Nevertheless, the Korean War was mainly fought with weapons left over from World War II. To a significant distri stillor bit it was as well as fought with the strategies and often with the commanders, of that war. It was war fought in the beginning by untrained and unprepared occupation troops, then by retreads (recalled World War II veterans), then by draftees caught up in one of the loosest conscription nets in modern history. Of course, it was a war in which military methodology and expectancy were severely limited.Finally, we can say that the Korean War verified Clausewitzs understanding that a limited war can be true to its defined goals only as long as it remains subject to political (civilian) control. The Korean War emphatically marked the end of the post-Second World War era. The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, the Greek civil war, the Czech coup, and the Berlin Airlift, not to mention the loss of China to the communists, had all served to erode what had remained of the wartime Grand Alliance between the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet nitty-gritty that had persisted through the war and to the establishment of the United Nations.But with American, British, French, Dutch, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, South African, Greek, Turkish, Filipino and Thai troops actually engaged in set upon with Communist forces, the algid War seemed ostensibly to have taken on a new and far more bitter dimension, and indeed, might no longer even merit the term Cold War. In the words of one scholar, Without the Cold War there would have been no Korean War (Mcmahon 69) In fact, the entry of China into the conflict in late 1950 unleashed apocalyptic imaginings of a Third World War, particularly amongst Americans.Even after the Armistice concluding the Korean War, the Cold War would continue for more than four decades. The Korean War marked a pivotal go point in the global execution of the Cold War. To understand the larger stage settingthe Cold Waris to understand how and why Korea fundamentally altered the political and economic scene in the United States. First, Kor ea marked the militarization of Harry Trumans containment policy.Before June 1950, the United States tended to emphasize the economic aspects of containment, during which time it sought to build a strong, free-marketbased international order to serve as a bulwark against Soviet socialism. at one time the war in Korea began, however, the United States emphasized military rearmamenthere and abroadto resist perceived Soviet aggression. Second, by militarizing containment as it did, the Truman administration globalized it as well.After Korea, the nation prepared itself ideologically and militarily to resist the Sovietsin every corner of the world. Thus, in the final analysis, the Korean militarization was a mobilization within a mobilization the nation began arming for the Korean conflict in the short-term while simultaneously mobilizing for the Cold War in the long-term. Division and Cold War came to Korea first and foremost because of the inability of outside powers, the United Stat es and the Soviet Union, to devise a unification see that would protect the interests of both (Wainstock 36).From the start the two powers regarded internal political configurations as highly unpredictable, so they were disinclined to encourage creation of an original government that get across zonal boundaries. The best opportunity for the emergence of such a government came in September 1945 with the rise of the KPR, a group that possessed strong linkages with the peoples committees at the local level. Had the Americans supported the KPR, thus encouraging the KDP to play conglutination rather than class politics, Koreans might have taken the lead in developing a vision of a united, independent country unthreatening to the great powers.Yet the best opportunity in this case does not represent a good opportunity, since such an outcome would have required extraordinary patience and blaspheme on all sides, ingredients that were far from common at the time. The unexpected invasion ushered in a new and much more dangerous phase of the Cold War, not just in Asia but globally. Certain that the attack could only have occurred with the backing of the Soviet Union and China a correct assessment, as nowavailable evidence confirms and convinced that it heralded a bolder and more aggressive worldwide offensive by the communist powers, the Truman administration responded vigorously.It immediately dispatched US naval and air forces to Korea in order to stem the North Korean advance and bolster South Korean defences. When that initial intervention proved insufficient, the administration dispatched US combat troops, which became part of an international force owing to the UNs condemnation of the North Korean invasion. The attack upon Korea makes it manifestly beyond all doubt, declared Truman in a 27 June address to the American people, that Communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will use armed invasion and war (Malkasian 2 1).He similarly revealed, in that same speech, that he was ordering the US Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, increasing aid to the French in IndoChina, and speeding additional aid to the proAmerican Philippine government which was battling the radical Huk insurgency. Behind those four interventions in Korea, China, IndoChina, and the Philippines lay the American perception that a structured threat of dangerous proportions was being mounted against Western interests by a hostile and newly aggressive world communist movement under the leadership of the Soviet Union and its Chinese junior partner.The impact of the Cold War on the Korean War is difficult to overstate. Not only did the Korean fighting lead to an intensification and geographic expansion of the Cold War, threaten a wider conflict between the United States and the communist powers, and foster increased EastWest hostility, but it also spurred a huge increase in American defence spending and, more loosely, a militariz ation and globalization of American orthogonal policy. Beyond Asia, the conflict in Korea also hastened the strengthening of NATO, the arming of Germany, and the stationing of US troops on European soil.It was the Korean War and not World War II that made the United States a world militarypolitical power, diplomat Charles Bohlen has argued. With uncommon unanimity, scholars have affirmed that judgement, identifying the Korean War as a key turning point in the international history of the postwar era. Americas real commitment to contain communism everywhere originated in the events surrounding the Korean War, contends prank Lewis Gaddis. Warren I.Cohen calls it a war that would alter the nature of the SovietAmerican confrontation, change it from a systemic political competition into an ideologically driven, militarized argue that exist the very survival of the globe (Anthony 42). Yet, as Cohen also notes, that a civil war in Korea would provide the critical turning point in the p ostwar SovietAmerican relationship, and raise the possibility of world war, seems, in retrospect, nothing short of bizarre (Ball 15). Certainly, in the aftermath of World War II, a few(prenominal) places appeared less likely to emerge as a focal point of great power competition.Occupied and ruled by Japan as a colony ever since 1910, Korea factored into wartime councils merely as yet another minor and obscure territory whose future disposition fell on the Allies already overburdened shoulders. At the Potsdam Conference, the Americans and Soviets agreed to share occupation responsibilities there by temporarily dividing the country at the 38th parallel they also agreed to work towards the establishment of an independent, unified Korea at the earliest practicable time.In December 1945, at a alien ministers meeting in Moscow, the Soviets accepted a US proposal for the establishment of a joint SovietAmerican commission to prepare for the election of a provisional Korean government as a first step toward expert independence. But that plan soon fell victim to larger Cold War tensions that militated against any meaningful cooperation, or compromise, between Moscow and Washington. By 1948, the occupation divisions had instead hardened. In the north, a proSoviet regime under the leadership of the former antiJapanese fighter Kim took on all the trappings of an independent regime.So, too, did its reproduction in the south a proAmerican regime headed by the virulently anticommunist Syngman Rhee, a Korean nationalist of long standing. Each side regularly rattled sabres at the other neither North nor South Koreans could accept a permanent division of their homeland. In 1948, the Truman administration, seeking to extricate itself gracefully from its Korean commitment, began withdrawing US military forces from the peninsula. American defence planners believed not only that US military personnel had become overextended worldwide, necessitating this pullback, but that Kore a, in fact, possessed minimal strategic worth.The North Korean invasion two years later brought a different calculus to the fore. Although it might have lacked great intrinsic strategic value, Korea stood as a potent symbol, peculiarly in view of Americas role as midwife and protector of the Seoul regime. Further, the North Korean attack, sanctioned and backed by the Soviet Union and China, threatened Americas credibility as a regional and global power every bit as much as it threatened the survival of the South Korean government. To Truman, Acheson, and other senior decisionmakers, the stakes at risk in Korea appeared enormous.Consequently, without any dissenting voices being raised, the president quickly authorized US military intervention. If the United Nations yields to the force of aggression, Truman declared publicly on 30 November, no nation will be serious or secure. If aggression is successful in Korea, we can expect it to spread throughout Asia and Europe to this hemisph ere. We are fighting in Korea for our own national credentials and survival (Roe 90) That statement came right after the entry of Chinese Communist volunteer forces into the fray, a development that changed the character of the Korean conflict and, arguably, the Cold War as well.Truman and his military advisers grew overconfident after MacArthur turned the tide of battle in September 1950 by outflanking the North Koreans with his legendary Inchon landing. The UN forces under his command crossed into North Korean territory on 7 October by 25 October, some advance units reached the Yalu River, along the North KoreanChinese ensnare. As they inched snuggled to Chinese territory, Mao informed Stalin that he had decided to send Chinese troops across the Yalu.The reason, he explained, is that if we allow the United States to occupy all of Korea and Korean revolutionary strength suffers a fundamental defeat, then the Americans will run more rampant to the detriment of the entire East. Mao, too, saw broad regional and global implications in the Korean outcome. MacArthur, who had so cavalierly underestimated the Chinese military threat and whose forces were almost completely driven out of North Korea by the end of November, informed the Joint Chiefs of Staff We face an entirely new war (Paige 12).The world faced an entirely new Cold War by that time as well, one whose boundaries reached well beyond Europe. The emergence of Maos regime in China, the SinoSoviet alliance, Soviet and Chinese support for North Korean adventurism, the intervention of US and UN forces in Korea, the subsequent entry of Chinese troops, the presence of communist elements within Southeast Asias nationalist movements all ensured that the Cold War would remain a ascendant presence in postwar Asia for a long time to come.The Korean War itself dragged on inconclusively until July 1953, when the warring parties signed an armistice that achieved little more than an exchange of prisonersofwar and a return to the status quo ante bellum. The 38th parallel remained an ominous line of division not just between North and South Korea, but between the Eastern and Western blocs. With the Korean conflict, the Cold War became increasingly global in scope. In the decade that followed the onset of the Korean fighting, few corners of the world managed to escape the ensnaring web of superpower rivalry, competition, and conflict.Indeed, the principal international flashpoints of the 1950s and 1960s Iran, Guatemala, IndoChina, the Taiwan Strait, Suez, Lebanon, Indonesia, Cuba, the Congo lay well beyond the Cold Wars original boundaries. Only Berlin, whose contested status triggered SovietAmerican crises in 1958 and again in 19612, belongs to the set of immediate postWorld War II disputes that precipitated the EastWest breach in the first place. From the standpoint of the great power struggle, the grounds for defending South Korea were strong.It was believed that if the North Korean aggre ssion succeeded, Indo-China would be almost certain to fall under Communist control, with the aid of whatever Chinese forces were necessary. The snowballing effect of Communist holds might make Thailand and Burma relatively easy conquests. Since Indo-China is strategically the key to all South East Asia, the stubborn communist guerrilla movement in Malaya might be expected to gain momentum, with aid from the north, and gun-running to the Huks in the Philippines would not be too difficult.Both in the Philippines and Japan, also, the psychology of Red success would operate powerfully. In the end it might be difficult to hold Japan, especially since she cannot exist, apart from American doles, in the absence of trade with China and South East Asia. As in every crisis of the Cold War, the image of the falling dominoes was allowed free rein. Thus far the Truman Doctrine had been enforced in Europe, but it had been a dismal failure in East Asia. If now the tremendous triumph of communism in China were capped by further Red gains in Asia the effect on Europe might be decisive.In the United States, too, the entrust might well be decisive politically for the Truman Administration. Its foes were already making capital bitterly about the non-enforcement of the Doctrine in China. If it collapsed in Asia there would be a mighty outcry indeed. A stage in the Cold War had come which seemed to compel a defense of the Doctrine in Asia. These considerations were sufficient to induce resolute action in Korea, without going to the defense of the United Nations. Up to this time enforcement of the United Nations Charter had not been a compelling condition in Washington.The UN was brushed aside in Greece, and independent action taken to defeat the Communist guerrillas. In Indonesia the United States had brought strong moral pressure sensation to corroborate on the Netherlands in the Security Council, but no troops and planes were sent to fight the Dutch when they defied a UN ce ase fire order. Nor did the United States mobilize the UN to fork over the infant Israeli Republic when five Arab states invaded Palestine in 1948 to overturn by force the partition plan adopted by the UN General Assembly.Defiance of the United Nations could not have been more flagrant, but the United States moved no troops and planes to save the victims of Hitlers hate who had gathered in Israel, and who appeared to be on the point of being destroyed by the armies of UN members converging on them from all sides. In the end Israel was saved by her own heroic fighting, with arms obtained largely from communist Czechoslovakia. The United States gave no armed support to Israel as the ward of UN. The Koreans did not ask for the division of their country, even temporarily.They also organized a government which was broadly representative and quite capable of governing the country. But neither the U. S. S. R. nor the U. S. A. would permit this government to function. Each insisted on crea ting a government for half the country in its own image. In this attempt the Soviets succeeded, but the United States brought a twenty-year emigre back to Korea and permitted him to build himself up into a lifetime despot capable of inviting the American people in their own capital to join him in self destruction.Division having resulted and hardened, two successive attempts to unite Korea by force were made, but the outcome was a great power war which nearly destroyed Korea and did not significantly alter the division of the country. On the contrary, the division was hardened and South Korea was left an overpopulated, undernourished, unviable country, alert only on the military dole of the United States and under a police state government which was a standing invitation to revolution Red or otherwise.To highlight the argument, it is necessary to review the years 1945 through 1948. There can be no more striking reflection of Koreas dependence on others than the decision to divide the peninsula into occupation zones in 1945. Koreans had no input in the decision because they had no recognized government or armed forces to defend their interests. They had been swallowed up in the Japanese empire early in the century and were now being freed from that status because of Japans defeat in a war in which Koreans had contributed more to the losing than to the victorious side.Prospects for the peaceful unification of Korea from August 1945 onward were between slim and nil. The first step toward June 25, 1950, had been taken by the great powersalone. Koreans in 1945 were deeply split among themselvesbetween close collaborators with the Japanese and underground dissenters between landowners and peasants between businessmen and factory workers between police and civilians. These divisions had festered beneath the surface before 1945, as the Japanese apply the strategy of divide and conquer to ease the task of ruling Korea.The collaborationist issue aside, many of the d isputes were foreshadowed in the divisions among exiled independence groups. After liberation from Japan they give into the open on the peninsula itself. Their existence eliminated any chance for a united indigenous resistance to the countrys partition by outsiders. Yet the particular form the divisions took and the last outcome of the resulting conflicts were deeply influenced, indeed often determined, by the foreign presence.That the exiled groups during the Japanese period had looked to outsiders for assistanceNationalist China and the United States in the case of the Right, the Soviet Union and Communist China in the case of the Leftand that one of the outsiders on each side now occupied half of Korea greatly magnified the problem. The trusteeship issue represented an extreme case, since it was totally created by the outsiders. Although the Soviets were able to keep the Korean Left in line on trusteeship, the Americans never persuaded the indigenous Right to support itor even to exercise restraint in attacking it.Ultimately the United States gave in to Syngman Rhee and abandoned trusteeship, but only because, by September 1947, he represented the best hope for keeping South Korea out of Communist hands, an important U. S. purpose in its own right. By the end of 1948, two indigenous governments existed on the peninsula, one exercising authority above the thirty-eighth parallel, one below it, one leftist in orientation and aligned with the Soviet Union, the other rightist and aligned with the United States.It is impossible to imagine this result without the Soviet-American agreement of 1945. If the situation in Korea at the end of 1948 cannot be grasped without reference to the foreign presence since 1945, it is also fair to say that the picture is incomplete without mention of the civil conflict that had waxed and waned below the thirty-eighth parallel since the fall of 1946. The fermenting began in September with strikes and riots by workers in severa l cities and soon spread to the countryside, where landlords became frequent objects of attack.Hundreds of civilians and police died in the turmoil. The Left lost heavily in the violence, and for the nigh year, while unrest was widespread at the village level, it appears not to have been as well coordinated as before. The violence picked up greatly during 1948, with the biggest insubordination against government authority beginning in April on Cheju Island. By the end of the year, guerrillas operated extensively on the mainland, so much so that the United States decided to prorogue withdrawal of the last of its combat troops from the South.Six of South Koreas eight provinces eventually saw substantial guerrilla activity, which peaked in the fall of 1949 and subsided in the jump of 1950 as a result of strong counteraction by ROK forces. Violence in the South from late 1946 to mid-1950 brought death to some one hundred railway yard Koreans. If the Americans were instrumental in s uppressing the activity, the Soviets played an integral role in fostering it.Although the general strike in South Korea of September 1946 appears to have begun at the first step of the Korean Communist Party below the thirty-eighth parallel, the Soviets soon took an active part, giving advice, which the southern rebels often solicited, encouragement, and considerable financial aid. The Soviets also pushed successfully for the merger of the three leftist parties in the two zones and participated in the training and infiltration of North Korean agents and guerrillas into the South.The unrest in South Korea grew in part out of local conditions, but neither its origins nor its course can be understood without devoting heavy attention to activities originating in the North or to actions heavily influenced by the Soviet and American presence on the peninsula. The local, national, and international forces blended together in a manner that would have made the actual course of events large ly unrecognizable with the elimination of any of the three (Stueck 44). On June 25, 1950 NorthKorea invaded South Korea.The invasion was less important in actual strategic terms than in what it symbolized a checkout of the aggressive nature of Soviet communism. President Truman attached this symbolism immediately to the war. In his statement issued on June 27 the president declared The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war (Lowe 120). In response he ordered the Seventh Fleet to protect Formosa, sought U. S. condemnation of the Norths aggression, and eventually committed U. S.military forces under the auspices of the United Nations to fight the Korean War. The cold war had suddenly turned into a hot war. But it was a hot war of a peculiar kind. In fact, it was the new face of war in the postwar world. The Korean War was a proxy war fought in Kore a but symbolizing the worldwide struggle between the free world and the communist world. If the North Korean invasion symbolized communists intentions to dominate the world, the U. S. response symbolized the resolve of the United States to resist Soviet domination. It was a critical moment. metaphysical symbolism replaced tangible objectives as the focal point of war.Such a transcendental transformation had its roots in the original request of economic aid to Greece and Turkey, but it was to have consequences that would reach to the rice paddies of Vietnam. The anticommunism rhetoric was now pervasive and complete. Politicians and people interpreted the meaning of each of these three sets of events the Hiss conviction and the other charges of interior(prenominal) communist activities, the invasion of South Korea by the North, and the Chinese intervention into that war by the standards of that rhetoric and at the same time used these events as create that the rhetoric was correct in the first place.It was a classic tautology. Understanding and proving arose simultaneously and led to action. And action confirmed the understanding and proof. The Korean War was the linchpin of these final proofs. John Lewis Gaddis (1983) remarked that the widely shared but erroneous impression that the invasion of South Korea was the first military step in the Soviet Unions plan to conquer the world had three important consequences (1) the transformation of NATO from a traditional mutual defense alliance into an integrated military structure that led to the mesh of a U.S. supreme commander of NATO and the stationing of U. S. troops in Europe (2) the rearming of West Germany and the signing of a peace treaty with Japan, thus making alliances with old enemies to fight a new enemy and (3) the approval of National Security Memorandum No. 68, better known as NSC-68 (32). Perhaps the only issue on which the United States and China had significant common interests concerns the Kore an peninsula. Washington and Beijing had a strong interest in preventing North Korean acquisition of atomic weapons.Not only would a nuclear-armed North Korea make a North-South war far more dangerous, but it might also encourage South Korean and Japanese acquisition of nuclear weapons and cause a nuclear arms race in Northeast Asia. Thus, at times Beijing has applied economic pressure on North Korean rulers, assisting U. S. efforts to compel Pyongyang to curtail its nuclear program. Indeed, Chinese policy toward nuclear proliferation into North Korea was one Chinese policy that consistently drew praise from Washington for having concerns similar to Americas and for playing an important cooperative role and providing critical cooperation in U. S.efforts to freeze North Koreas nuclear program. China has also been supportive of U. S. efforts to bring about North Korean participation in the four-party peace talks involving the two Koreas, China, and the United States (Guttmann 59). Th e United States and China also shared an interest in preventing economic and political instability in North Korea from leading to war between the two Koreas. China has contributed to this common objective of a soft rather than a crash landing of the North Korean government by encouraging Pyongyang to open its economy to foreign trade and investment and by supplying it with subsidized energy resources.As the North Korean economy rapidly deteriorated, Beijing supplied Pyongyang with emergency food and change state supplies. Since then, Beijing has continued to provide North Korea with food, consumer goods, and energy assistance. But even U. S. -China relations on this relatively cooperative issue had tensions. Whereas Washingtons policy toward North Korea was primarily focused on preventing nuclear proliferation, Beijings policy attached equal weight to its vital interest in preserving its significant influence in a border state located at the intersection of all of the great powers. Moreover, Beijing had even great interest than Washington in preventing war on the Korean peninsula, insofar as it would be waged on Chinas border and could spill over into Chinese territory. U. S. China friction results from Washingtons frustration when Chinese caution inhibits Beijing from applying greater pressure on the North Korean leadership. Thus far, U. S. -China common interests in regional stability have prevailed, but should the U. S. -North Korean agreement collapse, U. S. -China tension over North Korea could intensify.The nuclear problem on the Korean peninsula was, in part, a holdover from the Cold War. It stemmed, ultimately, from the division of the country and the threat to the status quo posed by the Communist regime in the north the same set of circumstances that had led to war in 1950. The same dictator Kim II-sung-who had launched the attack in 1950 was in power and threatening to acquire nuclear weapons in 1994. The problem of North Korean nuclear weapons p roduced a political alignment in the region that demonstrate the differences between the Cold War and post-Cold War eras in yet another way.In 1950 the United States and Japan were allied with South Korea against North Korea, the Soviet Union, and the Peoples Republic of China (Buzo 89). Korea has common borders with both Russia and China. All four powers participated, directly or indirectly, in the Korean War of the 1950s. The Korean War was extension of the conflict in and the Cold War, at least in American eyes. North Korea, China, and later Vietnam were seen in Washington as part of a single Communist bloc, all affiliate and instruments of Moscow. A scenario suggests that the Soviet Union, North Korea, and Communist China conspired to begin a war in Asia.The North Korean invasion of South Korea was the opening move in a Communist offensive for worldwide domination. However, while it is fairly certain that Premier Mao Tsetung and Stalin were both aware of North Koreas decision to invade, there is less evidence that the nations involved were acting under the aegis of international communism. In fact, failure to understand the difference between national and international communism is a significant part of the inability of the United Nations to comprehend the depth of the problem it faced.The actual element of conspiracy, it there was one, may have been in the willingness of major political powers to use small and vulnerable nations in the Cold War. That is, the Korean War simply have been a convenient battleground for one more clash between nations who did not have the courage to take on each other openly. Works Cited Anthony, Farrar-Hockley. The China Factor in the Korean War. In The Korean War in History ed. James Cotton and Ian Neary. Atlantic Highlands, NJ Humanities pep up, 1989. Ball, S. J. The Cold War An International History, 1947-1991. Arnold London, 1998.Buzo, Adrian. The Making of ultramodern Korea. Routledge New York. , 2002. Gaddis John Lew is. The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War. diplomatical History 7 (Summer 1983) 171-90. Guttmann, Allen. Korea and the Theory of Limited War. D. C. Heath Lexington, MA, 1967. Kaufman, Burton I. The Korean Conflict. Greenwood Press Westport, CT, 1999. Lowe, Peter. The Origins of the Korean War. London Longmann, 1986. Malkasian, Carter. A History of Modern Wars of Attrition. Praeger Westport, CT, 2002. Mcmahon, Robert. The Cold War A Very Short Introduction.Oxford University Press Oxford, England, 2003. Paige, Glenn D. The Korean Decision. New York Free Press, 1968. Ridgway, M. B. The Korean War, Garden City, NY, 1967. Roe, Patrick C. The Dragon Strikes China and the Korean War, June-December 1950. Presidio Press Novato, CA, 2000. Sandler, Stanley. The Korean War No Victors, No Vanquished. UCL Press London, 1999. Stueck, William. Rethinking the Korean War A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ, 2002. Wainstock, Dennis D. Truman, Macarthur and the Korean War. Greenwood Press Westport, CT, 1999.

Discuss the varying roles of the promotion Essay

This would increase the quality of life to the families living at home dramatically, from living of just one dollar a day to the minimum wage of an employee in an MEDC. Some people believe that you can put large amount of aid into a country, or point create a neo-liberastic situation however, the countries that are currently regarded as LDCs or even LEDCs will always be in that situation and itll never change. This is receivable to their geographical localization of function, and how so umteen external factors are taken into consideration such as the climate, the droughts and the inability to grow many things at bottom the climate.Biologist Jared ball field in his book guns germs and steal wrote heavily on this point, in this he effectively believed that the development of a country is completely reliant on their location rather than the people inwardly it. To an extent this is true, 33 out of the 50 countries are just below the Sahara desert in terrible conditions. They have short crops that are able to grow on their land, which used to be the first stage of development many years ago the animals that graze are a few(prenominal) in terms of species and overall are on a complete natural disadvantage. Arguably geography created the countries into what they are today.For example, the harsh conditions led to people inefficient to make many by selling their crops this led to crime, as people needed more money to survive. This endless struggle continued and the crime, corruption and cultivated wars just became out of control. Similarly, economists agree that these countries have too many problems to be able to compete on a global market, such as midland conflicts/ HIV and AIDs. These huge problems all contribute to the unrest of the countries in question. Many companies may disagree with moving their factories to Africa, not only would they have to adapt their designs to mark with the harsh environment.Also with 22. 5 million adults and children who ha ve HIV/ AIDs in sub Saharan Africa, would also contribute to the potentially weak custody making the productivity of those factories less. This is mainly why many economists believe there is no way that they will be competitive within the workforce. In many underdeveloped countries around the world aid is directly given to the government and the public sector. With the increase in trade, it can directly add to the successfulness of exportesr within the private sector.Many governments have seemed to prefer aid, however it does not necessarily mean this is the best way of improving the quality of life for the people within it. Many LDCs struggle to receive a large amount tax from their people, and having a weak private sector reduces their chances even further in developing which is why governments of LDCs prefer aid to support their infrastructure. Tony Blair believed that we needed a $25 billion increase, doubling the annual aid, to countries within Africa by 2010 and an even f urther $25 billion by 2015.However, this aid only improves the country in the short term for example Japans recent natural disaster of an 8. 9 earthquake on the Richter scale, may need for external aid which may be essential to get them back on their feat. But too lots aid and it could lead to a dependency culture, in which countries are just merely reliant on aid without trying to achieve a last for their country or to increase their countries quality of life. The argument comes into the idea that if you give a man a fish, you feed him for a day.But if you give him a fishing rod, you feed him for a lifetime aid is simply just a means to get by it is not a good replete plan for the future. While trade can effectively set you up for the future, and hopefully increase the revenue of that country and thus increasing the quality of life. I believe that the most important provision is trade, however for the trade to be optimized there are many problems which need to be addressed such as political stability. If a country does not rid itself of some of its problems, the trade that a LDC does will just go straight back into the corrupt leader.

Case Grading Rubric

MAN 3301 Human Resource Management Dr. Jerry Schoenfeld A Model For Analyzing Cases In Human Resource Management Purpose of Cases A strip is a scripted description of events and activities that get down taken place in an organization. Cases allow you to envision a different kind of learning learning by doing. They atomic number 18 intended to give you an opportunity to actively experience the reality and complexity of the solutions go about practicing mangers and human imaginativeness executives. date other disciplines like physical science allow you to psychometric test theories in a laboratory, performing a case abridgment allows you to consecrate human resource management theories to specific organizational conundrums. Completing a case analysis will help you develop your analytical and problem-solving skills. Cases enable you to discerp organization problems and to generate solutions based on your understanding of theories and models of effective human resource manag ement (HRM). Both a decision-maker and an evaluator approach are employ in cases.In the decision-maker approach, the primary goal is to sort out development given and to propose a viable solution to the problems(s) identified. In the evaluator approach, the human resource management decisions have al dealy been go throughed, and the primary goal is to evaluate outcomes and consequences and to propose alternative solutions. For this case assignment you will be in the decision-maker role. Student preparation of Written Cases There are any number of possible approaches to analyzing a case. The most important point to remember is that case analysis involves decision making.There is no absolutely expert or wrong solution to a case problem. Your major task as a decision maker is to present a coherent and defensible analysis of the situation based on human resource management concepts and theories. Just as managers in the real world moldiness(prenominal) persuade their colleagues and superiors that their proposals are sound, so must you persuade your fellow students and your instructor that your analysis of the case and proposed solution are the scoop out. You should follow a few anterior steps before preparing your written analysis. First, give the case a general reading to get an everyplaceall sense of the situation.Put it aside for a while, then read it a second season and make notes on the critical facts. Case facts provide information and data on attitudes and values, relative power and influence, the nature and look of relationships, the organizations objectives and human resource management policies/functions, and other pertinent aspects of the organization. Keep two key questions in mind as you review the facts of the case First, are there discernible patterns in the facts? Second, what back be inferred about human resource management practices in this organization from the facts presented?You should attempt to classify, sort, and evaluate the inf ormation you have identified in this preliminary step. Once you have a clear understanding of the critical facts in the case, you can prepare your written analysis using the five-step model that follows. Written Case Analysis Model Please follow these five steps in your written case analysis. Please have a separate section heading for each of these five steps along with a brief introduction and conclusion. Your set downd case should be no longer then 10 double-spaced pages using 12-point font. It should be well written and free of grammatical errors.Step 1. Problem Identification. The first step in your written analysis is to explicitly identify the major problem(s) in the case in one or two clear and precise sentences. For example, The major problem in this case is a 15 percent increase in employee turnover compared to last years rate. Herbert Simon, who received a Nobel Prize for his work on management decision-making, has defined a problem as a deviation from a standard. In ot her words, one way to identify a problem is to compare some desired state or objective with the actual situation. A problem or series of problems may revent the organization from reaching its objectives or goals. A key point here is that in order to define a problem, there must be some type of standard for comparison. contingent standards include the organizations stated objectives or goals, objectives or goals of competing organizations, or standards based on normative prescriptions from human resource management theory. Note While you may be able to identify more then one problem in the assigned case. State clearly what is the main problem and complete subsequent steps in relation to this problem. Step 2. Identify the Ca theatrical roles of the Problem.Before proposing alternative solutions, the decision maker must have a clear understanding of the underlie causes of the problem. HRM problems are usually embedded in a larger context. This means the decision maker must examine i nternal and external environmental factors over time to isolate causal factors. Causes of problems tend to be historical in nature. To formulate a solid understanding of the specific causes, you should search for root causes and use relevant course concepts and theories to better define them. The question syndrome approach may be beneficial here Why did the problem proceed? When did it begin?Where does it occur? Where doesnt it occur? What effective HRM practices should the organization be using? What has the organization failed to do? What are the antecedents of the problem? Posing these questions will help you to probe beyond the symptoms to the root cause of the problem. The process of identifying the cause of a problem is very much like hypothesis testing. You should set forth possible causes and then test them against the facts in the case. In writing this section, it is important to present a plausible discussion of the causes so as to convince the reader that your analysis i s correct. Step 3. substitute Solutions.This step involves developing alternative solutions and evaluating their contributions to resolving the problem(s) identified. Proposed alternatives should be consistent with the problems(s) and cause(s) identified. You should develop at least three possible alternatives in addition to those offered within the case. You may propose more than three. List each of your alternatives and the advantages and disadvantages associated with each. Keep the following criteria in mind as you evaluate your alternatives time constraints, feasibility, cost, contribution to meeting the organizations objectives, and possible negative side effects.Developing a list of good alternatives involves creativity and avoiding preconceived attitudes and assumptions. It may be serviceable to brainstorm possible solutions before deliberation their advantages and disadvantages. Note Your alternatives should cover the entire domain of human resource management functional activities. However, it is important that you do not combine various activities into one alternative. For example, you should commend that the hospital pay more, offer more benefits, overhaul their selection process, and provide more training all within one alternative.Step 4. Select the Best Alternative. charge the one alternative you have chosen that best solves the problem. It is important here to justify why you chose a particular solution and why it will best resolve the problem(s). Again, I recognize that doing more then one alternative would be better. But if you have to choose just one alternative (and you must choose just one), which one offers the greatest potential benefits toward addressing the problem(s). Step 5. Implementation Steps. Now that you have a solution, you must develop appropriate action plans to implement it.In this section of your written analysis, you want to specify, as much as possible, what should be done, by whom, when, where, and in what sequence. For example Who should implement the decision? To whom should it be communicated? What actions need to be taken now? What actions need to be taken later? If you recommend that the organization revise its performance appraisal process, give as much gunpoint as possible on the content of the revisions. Finally, in this section you should also indicate follow-up procedures to monitor the implementation of your solution to ensure that the intended actions are taken and that the roblem is corrected. While these steps have been presented in linear fashion, case analysis does not involve linear thought. You will probably find yourself thinking about all of the parts of the analysis simultaneously. This is perfectly normal and underscores the complexity of decision-making. To present a clear written analysis, however, it is important to write up your musical composition in the analytical form just described. As you gain experience with the case method, you will end the course with a bett er understanding of both your problem-solving ability and effective human resource management practices.Pitfalls in Analysis Amateurs at case analysis often encounter the pitfall of jumping to a conclusion, which in effect bypasses analysis. For example, a student may readily observe some overt behavior, quickly identify it as objectionable and, therefore, assume it is a basic problem. Later, with some dismay, the student may discover that the prescribed action had no effect on the problem and that the objectionable behavior was only a symptom and not the actual problem.Another common mistake is for students to reject a case because they think there is insufficient information. All desirable or useful information is seldom available for analyzing and resolving actual problems in real organizations. Consequently, managers must do the best they can with the information available to them. Furthermore, the main issue in solving the problems of many organizations is to determine what add itional and relevant information is available or can be obtained before adequate analysis can be made and appropriate action taken.If additional information is available, the manager must decide whether it is worth getting, whether it is meaningful and relevant, and whether it can be secured in time to be useful. Thus, an apparent lack of information in cases is actually a reflection of the reality that students must learn to accept and overcome. Students occasionally search for the reform answer or solutions to cases and sometimes they ask their instructor what actually happened in a case. Although some answers or solutions are better than others, there are no right answers or solutions.What actually happened in a case is usually irrelevant the focus of case study should be on the process of analysis, the diagnosing of problems, and the prescription of remedial action rather than on the discovery of answers or end results. Many of the cases were in the process of being studied an d resolved at the time the pieces were written. Consequently, the real life outcomes are not always available. Although some of the cases do include what happened, no case is intended to illustrate either right or wrong, effective or ineffective solutions to human resource management problems.

Role of Ngos in Bangladesh

Role of NGOs in Bangladesh In all spheres of training, NGOs argon reported to defend created a landmark in the history of Bangladesh. NGOs as the puritanical alternative organizations take in the vision of imagination, flexibility, autonomy, creativity, innovative machinery, experience resources and strategies of executing programmers including non formal plastic education. NGOs have different projects towards development.Doubtlessly to say, the NGOs with their constructive efforts have been promoting development strategies by creating unique changes in the field of socioeconomic progress in Bangladesh since her independence. Most of the endeavors made by the NGOs in general laughingstocked to achieve overall development of the country by meeting pragmatically or practically. The NGOs have their constructive mission in development the country. They touch the fundamental elements of socio economic development of a country.If human resources are not properly used, it will be gradual inactive and useless for the country bringing no utility. The most important NGO innovation has been in the way they reach the poor. A group-based or target group mobilization strategy underpins virtually all development NGO programs aimed at service-delivery. Such an burn up serves to fulfill not only the goal of economic improvement through direct targeting and beneficiary participation, however to a fault that of social and institutional development through strengthening the organizing capacity of the poor to be much able to help them.The identification of credit as a critical need felt by the poor and subsequent designing of an efficient and cost-effective delivery mechanism to serve this need, have justifiably become the most will-known of the development NGO innovations in Bangladesh. The good example pioneered byGrameen Bank (GB)has established micro-credit as the most widely replicated anti-poverty program in both government and development NGO sectors. The role of the development NGOs has been crucial in a number of primary healthcare concerns, notably immunization and diarrhea control.NGOs have been particularly successful in effectively disseminating health through innovative media campaigns. Gains in immunization are already being reflected in reduced infant mortality. Universal awareness of oral dehydration therapy has also sharply cut down cases of diarrhoeal deaths. Low enrollment and high drop-out rates have been major problems that plague primary schools in Bangladesh. In response to this the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee(BRAC) pioneered a system of model is focused on poor children.It employs young Para-professional teachers (mostly female) drawn from the community. A strong emphasis is placed on parent and community involvement. Some NGOs undertake unique programs of technology transfer. Declining soil fertility is an emerging environmental concern. About eight NGOs are currently involved in ground-breaking farm-level i nnovations in fertilizer-use and pest-management. These activities are complemented are developing an extension system for appropriate technology transfer to homestead agriculture.It encourages cultivation of a variety of fruits and vegetables and teaches the proper method of cooling. The result not only provides income but also improves the nutritional status of the family, particularly children. During the mid-seventies and early eighties, irrigation led agriculture was promoted by the government agencies. Small farmers with an acre or less of land could not afford irrigation technology. In response to the need of the small and marginal farmers and also to promote crop diversification, NGOs highly-developed low-cost irrigation technologies through research and experiment.

Information Freedom: the Ethical Implications of Sopa

James Eckert Professor Reed PHIL 2306 2 celestial latitude 2011 Information Freedom The Ethical Implications of SOPA The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) is a U. S. House of Representatives bill with the state purpose, To promote prosperity, creativity, entrepreneurship, and innovation by combating the theft of U. S. property, and for other purposes. (1) SOPA proposes to accomplish those goals by forfeiting the U. S. division of Justice and secure owners to take action against websites thought to be facilitating right of first publication infringement.What brought SOPA into the limelight is the criteria it uses to determine what a copyright-infringing site is, and the methods it allows to avenge those websites. It was drafted with the intention of combating websites that host U. S. copyrighted content, m some(prenominal) of which atomic number 18 hosted offshore and outside of U. S. legal jurisdiction and later focuses on attacking U. S. based internet services that could benef it such(prenominal) knave sites. The sites it targets are delimit as being dedicated to the theft of U. S. property. The qualifications for such a site? It must be enjoin toward the U. S. , and either * engage in, enable, or facilitate infringement or * take or have interpreted steps to avoid confirming a high probability of infringement These defining attributes are for any portion of a site, even a single page containing infringing material can qualify a site as rogue. SOPA then allows a copyright holder who believes their works are being infringed by such a rogue site, to send a notice to facilitating services of the site, such as compensation processors (e. g. PayPal, Visa), ad networks, and hosting providers. These services must then deliver the notice to the site, and suspend their services unless the site provides a counter-notice explaining how it is not violating copyright, to be delivered within five days of the original notice. If a counter-notice is supplied by t he site, or if the musical accompaniment services do not end their service, the rights-holder is able to take them to court. One of the most troubling notions that SOPA introduces is the unplug between judicial process and a real-world response.The extraordinarily broad definitions for a rogue site would allow copyright holders (or anyone presenting themselves as one) to strangle services that support a site, without ever setting foot in court or even requiring to verify that they do, in fact, own the copyright to the material they claim as infringing. SOPA also provides the previously mentioned supporting services with immunity from liability, if they comply with copyright violation notices, regardless of the lustiness of the claim itself.SOPA does provide one important clause concerning a right-holders request for takedown if a copyright holder knowingly misrepresents a site as being a haven for copyright infringement, they are liable to damages. Unfortunately, this has little effect in practice, because the breadth of definition in what constitutes a rogue site would make virtually all of the internet services we are accustomed to into an illegality.For example, YouTube a be adrift video service that allows its users to upload media content, would no longer be protected from claims on material that is provided by their users a state of affairs that it has enjoyed due to the safe harbor provender of the Digital Millennium secure Act (DMCA), stating that sites are shielded from the liabilities of their users, provided the site follows DMCAs notice-and-takedown policy for copyrighted content.If sites that allow user-provided content were required to actively police all user content for potentially copyright-infringing material, even social media services such as Facebook or Twitter would be under attack as facilitating copyright infringement. SOPAs provisions even ban linking to sites deemed infringing, including results from a search engine, or commen ts on a blog.The implications of this lead to a by all odds unjust outcome service providers would have no reason to defend their customers from invalid claims, supposed copyright holders would have free reign to cripple even a law-abiding site, and even websites that make a good-faith effort to remove copyrighted content would be unable to meet the draconian standards set forwards in SOPA. SOPA has still more provisions, of a substantially more troubling nature.While the process previously depict is only related to the abilities granted to copyright holders, SOPA also has far-reaching implications for copyright infringements that do make it into a courtroom. It allows the U. S. Department of Justice to obtain a court order against sites accused of infringing, or facilitating infringement of copyrighted material. at one time the U. S. attorney general is furnished with such an order, they have the power to force U. S. ased Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to illegalize the web site through the Domain Name Service (DNS), as well as forcing supporting services such as ad networks and payment processors to suspend their service to the site, and finally to force search engines from linking to an infringing site. This provision of SOPA is by far the most contentious, with dramatic technical ramifications that critics have compared to the internet censorship of countries such as china and Iran. 2) While the technical details are too deep to explore in this work, leaders in the fields of technology, business, and law have denounced it as being infeasible, insecure, unstable, easily defeated, and as setting a pathetic example for other nations if America were to adopt such a system of censorship. (3) (4) (5) (6) In conclusion, SOPA represents an appalling direction in U. S. copyright law. While it attempts to tackle the precise real and present issue of online copyright infringement, the powers it grants are far-reaching and almost completely disconnected fro m judicial due process.If it were adopted and implemented, not only would it become an obstructor to the use of the internet for collaborative work, fair use content, and free speech but it would undermine the very notion of justice in the attempt. It imposes an impossible state of constant vigilance on law-abiding sites, and proposes a dramatically imbalanced system where the burden of proof is on a website to prove that its content is legal, quite an than the copyright-holder who believes their work is being infringed. Works Cited 1. U. S. House of Representatives.Stop Online Piracy Act. 2011. 2. Basulto, Dominic. SOPAs ugly message to the world more or less America and internet Innovation. 2011. 3. Lemley, Mark A. , Levine, David S. and Post, David. Open letter to the House of Representatives. November 15, 2011. 4. McCullagh, Declan. OpenDNS SOPA will be extremely disruptive to the Internet. November 17, 2011. 5. Mozilla, Google, yahoo , Facebook, Twitter, Zynga, LinkedIn, eB ay, AOL. Joint letter to Congressional leaders. November 15, 2011. 6. Downes, Larry. Statement on Stop Online Piracy Act. 2011.